Disciplines

Faculty Responsible: Roberto Guarniero, Marco Kawamura Demange

No. of credits: 3

Objectives: To provide graduate students with information and means to improve concepts that make it possible to develop research projects involving animals, both from the technical and bioethical perspectives and in the most appropriate selection for each project, mainly focused on biological therapies related to treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.

Justification: The need to improve basic and technical knowledge to enable the student to develop projects with biological therapies and research in experiments in animals. There is currently significant growth in biological therapies for the treatment of locomotor apparatus pathologies. Thus, it is important to improve knowledge in the various areas of biological research and therapy related to orthopedics (tissue manipulation, cell culture, stem cells, cytokines and scaffolds). Studies of biological therapies for the locomotor apparatus require adequate knowledge of experimental animal models. Therefore, in this course, we will combine knowledge related to biological therapies and to experimental studies in animals.

Content: Experimental models; Ethics commission – key considerations; Laboratory animal lifecycles (rats, mice and rabbits); Animal models for arthrosis, chondral injury and bone consolidation; Animal experimentation: history and ethical implications; Research protocols; Anesthesia in animals and Euthanasia; Pathological anatomy; Tissue manipulation without cell culture; Plasma rich in platelets; Cytokines (Growth factors and BMPs); Stem Cells and Pluripotent Cells; Cell Culture (osteoblasts, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and chondrocytes); Principles of Good Practices in Cell Culture (GMP).

Form of Evaluation: Active participation in the discussions during seminar presentations, seminar presentations, 85% class attendance

Note: The subjects will be taught on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 8 am to 12 pm. Minimum number of students = 3, Maximum no. of students = 20.

Bibliography:

Experiment with Animals:

• Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1980, 1984. Guide to the care and use of Experimental Animals. Vol.1 and 2.
• Cohen, B. J. 1958. The evolution of animal medicine in the USA. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 135: 161-164.
• Harkness J.E., Wagner, J.E. 1983. The niology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents. 1983. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
• Hime J.M., O’ Donoghue P.N. (eds. ) 1979. Handbook of Diseases of Laboratory Animals. Heinemann Veterinary Books, London.
• Lane- Petter, W., Pearson, A.E.G. 1971. The Laboratory Animal Principles and practice. Academic Press. London, New York.
• Animal Welfare Act. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Http://aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare

Experimental Animal Models:

• Swart E, Konopka G, Gardner TR, O J, Greisberg J. A rat model of chondrocyte death after closed intra-articular fracture. J Orthop Trauma 2013;27:e50-6.
• Caplan AI, Elyaderani M, Mochizuki Y, Wakitani S, Goldberg VM. Principles of cartilage repair and regeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997:254-69.
• Yamamoto T, Wakitani S, Imoto K, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-2 promotes the repair of partial thickness defects of articular cartilage in immature rabbits but not in mature rabbits. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12:636-41
• Murphy JM, Fink DJ, Hunziker EB, Barry FP. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism 2003;48:3464-74.
• Grande DA, Pitman MI, Peterson L, Menche D, Klein M. The repair of experimentally produced defects in rabbit articular cartilage by autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 1989;7:208-18.
• Chouhan, Devendra K., Mandeep S. Dhillon, Sandeep Patel, Tungish Bansal, Alka Bhatia, and Himanshu Kanwat. 2019. “Multiple Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections Versus Single Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in Early Osteoarthritis of the Knee: An Experimental Study in a Guinea Pig Model of Early Knee Osteoarthritis.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine.

Stem Cells and Pluripotent Cells:

• Caplan, Arnold I. 2017. “Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name!” Stem Cells Translational Medicine 6 (6): 1445–51.
• Caplan, Arnold I. 2017. “New MSC: MSCs as Pericytes Are Sentinels and Gatekeepers.” Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 35 (6): 1151–59.
• Cotter, E. J., Wang, K. C., Yanke, A. B., & Chubinskaya, S. (2018). Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for Cartilage Defects of the Knee: From Bench to Bedside Evidence. CARTILAGE, 9(2), 161–170.
• Li, Xu, Mingjie Wang, Xiaoguang Jing, Weimin Guo, Chunxiang Hao, Yu Zhang, Shuang Gao, et al. 2018. “Bone Marrow- and Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characterization, Differentiation, and Applications in Cartilage Tissue Engineering.” Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression 28 (4): 285–310.
• Caplan AI. Adult mesenchymal stem cells and the NO pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013;110:2695-6.
• Caplan AI. Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine. Journal of cellular physiology 2007;213:341-7.
• Kon E, Filardo G, Roffi A, Andriolo L, Marcacci M. New trends for knee cartilage regeneration: from cell-free scaffolds to mesenchymal stem cells. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine 2012;5:236-43.
• Demange MK, Sisto M, Rodeo S. Future trends for unicompartmental arthritis of the knee: injectables & stem cells. Clinics in sports medicine 2014;33:161-74.
• Sivasubramaniyan, Kavitha, Dragos C. Ilas, Abhishek Harichandan, Pieter K. Bos, Diego L. Santos, Peter de Zwart, Wendy J. L. M. Koevoet, et al. 2018. “Bone Marrow-Harvesting Technique Influences Functional Heterogeneity of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Cartilage Regeneration.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 46 (14): 3521–31.
• Wakitani S, Imoto K, Yamamoto T, Saito M, Murata N, Yoneda M. Human autologous culture expanded bone marrow mesenchymal cell transplantation for repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritic knees. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:199-206.
• Wakitani S, Goto T, Pineda SJ, et al. Mesenchymal cell-based repair of large, full-thickness defects of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1994;76:579-92.
• Olivos-Meza, Anell, Francisco Javier Pérez Jiménez, Julio Granados-Montiel, Carlos Landa-Solís, Socorro Cortés González, Cesar Alejandro Jiménez Aroche, Marco Valdez Chávez, et al. 2019. “First Clinical Application of Polyurethane Meniscal Scaffolds with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Assessment of Cartilage Quality with T2 Mapping at 12 Months.” Cartilage, August, 1947603519852415.
• Zellner, Johannes, Brian Johnstone, Frank Barry, and Henning Madry. 2019. “Mesenchymal Stem Cell Based Regenerative Treatment of the Knee: From Basic Science to Clinics.” Stem Cells International.
• Shariatzadeh, Maryam, Jianing Song, and Samantha Louise Wilson. 2019. “The Efficacy of Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis.” Cell and Tissue Research.

Cell Culture:

• Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. The New England journal of medicine 1994;331:889-95.
• Somoza RA, Welter JF, Correa D, Caplan AI. Chondrogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Challenges and Unfulfilled Expectations. Tissue engineering Part B, Reviews 2014.
• Moreno-Manzano, Victoria, and Elisa Oltra García. 2019. “Culturing Adult Stem Cells for Cell-Based Therapeutics: Neuroimmune Applications.” Cell Culture.
• Ha, Chul-Won, Yong-Beom Park, Seong Hwan Kim, and Han-Jun Lee. 2019. “Intra-Articular Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Evidence of Cartilage Repair.” Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery: Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 35 (1): 277–88.e2.
• Ebert, Jay R., Michael Fallon, Timothy R. Ackland, Gregory C. Janes, and David J. Wood. 2019. “Minimum 10-Year Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating 2 Different Approaches to Full Weightbearing After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine, November, 363546519886548.
• Everhart, Joshua S., Eric X. Jiang, Sarah G. Poland, Amy Du, and David C. Flanigan. 2019. “Failures, Reoperations, and Improvement in Knee Symptoms Following Matrix-Assisted Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Comparative Trials.” Cartilage, September, 1947603519870861.

Cytokines and PRP:

• Pot, Michiel W., Toin H. van Kuppevelt, Veronica K. Gonzales, Pieter Buma, Joanna IntHout, Rob B. M. de Vries, and Willeke F. Daamen. 2017. “Augmented Cartilage Regeneration by Implantation of Cellular versus Acellular Implants after Bone Marrow Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies.” PeerJ 5 (October): e3927.
• Yokota, Naomasa, Mari Hattori, Tadahiko Ohtsuru, Masaki Otsuji, Stephen Lyman, Kazunori Shimomura, and Norimasa Nakamura. 2019. “Comparative Clinical Outcomes After Intra-Articular Injection With Adipose-Derived Cultured Stem Cells or Noncultured Stromal Vascular Fraction for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 47 (11): 2577–83.
• Oudelaar, Bart W., Joost C. Peerbooms, Rianne Huis In ’t Veld, and Anne J. H. Vochteloo. 2019. “Concentrations of Blood Components in Commercial Platelet-Rich Plasma Separation Systems: A Review of the Literature.” The American Journal of Sports Medicine 47 (2): 479–87.
• Anitua, Eduardo, Ramón Cugat, and Mikel Sánchez. 2018. Platelet Rich Plasma in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Springer.
• Chen, Pu, Liuwei Huang, Yufeng Ma, Dong Zhang, Xiaozhe Zhang, Jun Zhou, Anmin Ruan, and Qingfu Wang. 2019. “Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Summary of Meta-Analyses.” Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research 14 (1): 385.
• Ha, Chul-Won, Yong-Beom Park, Jae Won Jang, Manyoung Kim, Jin-A Kim, and Yong-Geun Park. 2019. “Variability of the Composition of Growth Factors and Cytokines in Platelet-Rich Plasma From the Knee With Osteoarthritis.” Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery: Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 35 (10): 2878–84.e1.
• Southworth, Taylor, Neal Naveen, Tracy Tauro, Natalie Leong, and Brian Cole. 2019. “The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis.” The Journal of Knee Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675170.
• Demange MK, de Almeida AM, Rodeo SA. Updates in biological therapies for knee injuries: tendons. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine 2014;7:239-46.
• de Almeida AM, Demange MK, Sobrado MF, Rodrigues MB, Pedrinelli A, Hernandez AJ. Patellar tendon healing with platelet-rich plasma: a prospective randomized controlled trial. The American journal of sports medicine 2012;40:1282-8.

Faculty Responsible: Tarcisio Eloy Pessoa de Barros Filho, Alexandre Fogaça Cristante, Raphael Martus Marcon

No. of credits: 3

Objectives: Based on the same line of research (Models For Nervous System Injury Studies), this course aims to provide theoretical and pedagogical foundations to students who are developing research projects related to this line, with critical analysis of the works presented in relation to the methodology used; Inclusion and exclusion factors; Currentness of the work; Pertinent literature; whether the conclusions are compatible with the work proposal; Critical analysis of the content.

Justification: It aims to establish a study group comprised of advisors and students who are developing projects in the same line of interest and discussing the most impactful studies within PubMed.

Content: Presentation of a seminar and discussion of the research projects and papers published in the last 5 years about traumatic and degenerative spinal injuries with emphasis on experimental and histopathological works.

Form of Evaluation: Active participation in the discussions during seminar presentations, Seminar presentations; 85% class attendance

Note: The subjects will be taught on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 8 am to 12 pm. Minimum no. of students = 3; Maximum no. of students = 20.

Bibliography:

• Tator CH. Review of treatment trials in human spinal cord injury issues, difficulties, and recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(5):957-82.
• Basso DM, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J Neurotrauma. 1995;12(1):1-21.
• Cristante AF, Damasceno ML, Barros Filho TE, de Oliveira RP, Marcon RM, da Rocha ID. Evaluation of the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for spinal cord lesion in correlation with the moment of intervention. Spinal Cord. 2012; 50(7):502–6.
• McDonald JW. Repairing the damaged spinal cord. Sci Am. 1999;281(3):64-73. McDonald JW, Becker D. Spinal cord injury: promising interventions and realistic goals. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;82(10 Suppl):S38-49.
• McDonald JW, Howard MJ. Repairing the damaged spinal cord: a summary of our early success with embryonic stem cell transplantation and remyelination. Prog Brain Res. 2002;137:299-309.
• Rodrigues NR. Padronização da lesão medular espinal em ratos Wistar [tese]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo; 1999. Tarlov IM, Klinger H, Vitale S. Spinal cord compression studies. Experimental techniques to produce acute and gradual compression. Arch Neurol Psychiat. 1953;70:813-9.
• Santos GB, Cristante AF, Marcon RM, Souza FI, Barros Filho TEP, Damasceno ML. Modelo experi-mental de lesão medular e protocolo de avaliação motora em ratos wistar. Acta Ortop Bras. 2011;19(2):87-91.

Faculty Responsible: Alberto Tesconi Croci, Gilberto Luis Camanho, Olavo Pires de Camargo

No. of credits: 3

Objectives: Based on the same line of research (Development of joint replacement studies and models), this course aims to provide theoretical and pedagogical foundations to students who are developing research projects related to this line, with critical analysis of the works presented in relation to the methodology used; Inclusion and exclusion factors; Currentness of the work; Pertinent literature; whether the conclusions are compatible with the work proposal; Critical analysis of the content.

Justification: It aims to establish a study group comprised of advisors and students who are developing projects in the same line of interest and discussing the most impactful studies within PubMed.

Content: Presentation of a seminar and discussion of the research projects and papers published in the last 5 years about knee, hip and shoulder replacements and modular endoprostheses in oncological resections.

Form of Evaluation: Active participation in the discussions during seminar presentations, Seminar presentations; 85% class attendance.

Note: The subjects will be taught on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 8 am to 12 pm. Minimum no. of students = 3; Maximum no. of students = 20.

Bibliography:

HIP

• Argenson JN, Flecher X, Parratte S, Aubaniac JM. Anatomy of the dysplastic hip and consequences for total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007; 465:40-5.
• Mont MA, Seyler TM, Ulrich SD, Beaule PE, Boyd HS, Grecula MJ, Goldberg VM, Kennedy WR, Marker DR, Schmalzried TP, Sparling EA, Vail TP, Amstutz HC. Effect of changing indications and techniques on total hip resurfacing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:63-70.
• Lachiewicz PF. Metal-on-metal hip resurfacing: a skeptic’s view. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:86-91. Review.
• Ecker TM, Tannast M, Murphy SB. Computed tomography-based surgical navigation for hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:100-5.
• Bragdon CR, Kwon YM, Geller JA, Greene ME, Freiberg AA, Harris WH, Malchau H.Minimum 6-year followup of highly cross-linked polyethylene in THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:122-7.
• Lazzarini AM, Cottrell JM, Padgett DE, Wright TM. Remelting of highly cross-linked polyethylene worn under laboratory conditions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:128-32.
• Salineros MJ, Crowninshield RD, Laurent M, Wimmer MA, Jacobs JJ. Analysis of retrieved acetabular components of three polyethylene types. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:140-9.
• Colwell CW Jr, Hozack WJ, Mesko JW, D’Antonio JA, Bierbaum BE, Capello WN, Jaffe WL, Mai KT. Ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty early dislocation rate. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:155-8.
• Davis KE, Ritter MA, Berend ME, Meding JB. The importance of range of motion after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:180-4. Ferney BJ, Blumenfeld TJ, Bargar WL. Time to revision of primary THA is shorter for specialists than nonspecialists. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:175-9.

TUMOR

• Jeon DG, Kim MS, Cho WH, Song WS, Lee SY. Pasteurized autograft-prosthesis composite for reconstruction of proximal tibia in 13 sarcoma patients. J Surg Oncol. 2007 Dec 1;96(7):590-7.
• Dutka J, Sosin P, Skowronek P. Reconstruction of large bone defects with arthroplasty in the treatment of bone tumors of the hip joint. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2005 Oct 30;7(5):470-5.
• Mazurkiewicz T, Warda E, Kopacz J, Mazurkiewicz M. Results of the megaprosthesis replacement reconstruction proximal femoral resection bone tumors. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2005 Dec 30;7(6):595-9.
• Kiss J, Sztrinkai G, Antal I, Kiss J, Szendroi M. Functional results and quality of life after shoulder girdle resections in musculoskeletal tumors. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007 May-Jun;16(3):273-9.
• Gupta A, Pollock R, Cannon SR, Briggs TW, Skinner J, Blunn G. A knee-sparing distal femoral endoprosthesis using hydroxyapatite-coated extracortical plates. Preliminary results. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 Oct;88(10):1367-72.
• Narazaki DK, de Alverga Neto CC, Baptista AM, Caiero MT, de Camargo OP. Prognostic factors in pathologic fractures secondary to metastatic tumors. Clinics. 2006 Aug;61(4):313-20.
• Liptak JM, Dernell WS, Ehrhart N, Lafferty MH, Monteith GJ, Withrow SJ. Cortical allograft and endoprosthesis for limb-sparing surgery in dogs with distal radial osteosarcoma: a prospective clinical comparison of two different limb-sparing techniques. Vet Surg. 2006 Aug;35(6):518-33.
• Sharma S, Turcotte RE, Isler MH, Wong C. Cemented rotating hinge endoprosthesis for limb salvage of distal femur tumors. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Sep;450:28-32. Gupta A, Meswania J, Pollock R, Cannon SR, Briggs TW, Taylor S, Blunn G. Non-invasive distal femoral expandable endoprosthesis for limb-salvage surgery in paediatric tumours. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006 May;88(5):649-54.

KNEE

• Ritter MA, Lutgring JD, Davis KE, Berend ME. The effect of postoperative range of motion on functional activities after posterior cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(4):777-84.
• Catani F, Biasca N, Ensini A, Leardini A, Bianchi L, Digennaro V, Giannini S. Alignment deviation between bone resection and final implant positioning in computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; (4):765-71.
• Mandalia V, Eyres K, Schranz P, Toms ADEvaluation of patients with a painful total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008; 90(3):265-71.
• Li CH, Chen TH, Su YP, Shao PC, Lee KS, Chen WM. Periprosthetic femoral supracondylar fracture after total knee arthroplasty with navigation system. J Arthroplasty. 2008; 23(2):304-7.
• Shi K, Hayashida K, Umeda N, Yamamoto K, Kawai H. Kinematic comparison between mobile-bearing and fixed-bearing inserts in NexGen legacy posterior stabilized flex total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23(2):164-9.
• Yau WP, Chiu KY, Zuo JL, Tang WM, Ng TP. Computer navigation did not improve alignment in a lower-volume total knee practice. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(4):935-45.
• Parratte S, Pagnano MW. Instability after total knee arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2008;57:295-304.
• Emerson RH Jr, Higgins LL. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with the oxford prosthesis in patients with medial compartment arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 ; 90(1):118-22.
• Dutton AQ, Yeo SJ, Yang KY, Lo NN, Chia KU, Chong HC. Computer-assisted minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty compared with standard total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(1):2-9. Bottros J, Klika AK, Lee HH, Polousky J, Barsoum WK. The use of navigation in total knee arthroplasty for patients with extra-articular deformity. J Arthroplasty. 2008 ;23(1):74-8.

Faculty Responsible: Arnaldo Jose Hernandez, Gilberto Luis Camanho, Roberto Freire da Mota e Albuquerque
No. of credits: 3
Objectives: Based on the same line of research (Joint Instability Studies), this course aims to provide theoretical and pedagogical foundations to students who are developing research projects related to this line, with critical analysis of the works presented in relation to the methodology used; Inclusion and exclusion factors; Currentness of the work; Pertinent literature; whether the conclusions are compatible with the work proposal; Critical analysis of the content.
Justification: It aims to establish a study group comprised of advisors and students who are developing projects in the same line of interest and discussing the most impactful studies within PubMed.
Content: Presentation of a seminar and discussion of the research projects and papers published in the last 5 years on joint instabilities in the knee, hip, shoulder, ankle and wrist.
Form of Evaluation: Seminar presentations, active participation in the discussions during seminar presentations, 85% class attendance.
Note: The subjects will be taught on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 8 am to 12 pm. Minimum no. of students = 5; Maximum no. of students = 20.
Bibliography:
• Kemler E, van de Port I, Backx F, van Dijk CN. A systematic review on the treatment of acute ankle sprain: brace versus other functional treatment types. Sports Med. 2011;41(3):185-97.
• Buchhorn T, Sabeti-Aschraf M, Dlaska CE, Wenzel F, Graf A. Combined medial and lateral anatomic ligament reconstruction for chronic rotational instability of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(12):1122-6.
• Raymond J, Nicholson LL, Hiller CE, Refshauge KM. The effect of ankle taping or bracing on proprioception in functional ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(5):386-92.
• Dikos GD, Heisler J, Choplin RH, Weber TG. Normal tibiofibular relationships at the syndesmosis on axial CT imaging. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(7):433-8.
• Amis AA, Bull AM, Gupte CM, Hijazi I, Race A, Robinson JR. Biomechanics of the PCL and related structures: posterolateral, posteromedial and meniscofemoral ligaments. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2003;11(5):271-81.
• Laprade RF, Engebretsen L, Johansen S, Wentorf FA, Kurtenbach C. The effect of a proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy on posterolateral knee instability: A biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(5):956-60.
• Camanho GL, Viegas AC, Bitar AC, Demange MK, Hernandez AJ. Conservative versus surgical treatment for repair of the medial patellofemoral ligament in acute dislocations of the patella. Arthroscopy. 2009;25(6): 620-5.
• Servien E, Fritsch B, Lustig S, Demey G, Debarge R, Lapra C, Neyret P. In vivo positioning analysis of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2011;39(1):134-9.
• Garth WP Jr, Connor GS, Futch L, Belarmino H. Patellar subluxation at terminal knee extension: isolated deficiency of the medial patellomeniscal ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(10):954-62.
• Panchal HB, Sekiya JK. Open tibial inlay versus arthroscopic transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(9):1289-95.
• Kim SJ, Jung M, Moon HK, Kim SG, Chun YM. Anterolateral transtibial posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction combined with anatomical reconstruction of posterolateral corner insufficiency: comparison of single-bundle versus double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction over a 2- to 6-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(3):481-9.
• Sadoghi P, von Keudell A, Vavken P. Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention training programs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(9):769-76.
• Goyal K, Tashman S, Wang JH, Li K, Zhang X, Harner C. In vivo analysis of the isolated posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee during functional activities. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):777-85.
• Osti M, Tschann P, Künzel KH, Benedetto KP. Anatomic Characteristics and Radiographic References of the anterolateral and Posteromedial Bundles of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1558-63.
• Vincent JP, Magnussen RA, Gezmez F, Uguen A, Jacobi M, Weppe F, Al-Saati MF, Lustig S, Demey G, Servien E, Neyret P. The anterolateral ligament of the human knee: an anatomic and histologic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20:147-52.
• Philippot R, Boyer, Testa R, Favizon F, Moyen B. Study of patellar kinematics after reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2012;27(1):22-6.
• Marcacci M, Zaffagnini S, Bonanzinga T, Pizzoli A, Manca M, Caiaffa E. Surgical technique: articulated external fixator for treatment of complex knee dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(3):869-76.
• Helito CP, Miyahara HS, Bonadio MB, Tirico LEP, Gobbi RG, Demange MK, Angelini FJ, Pécora JR, Camanho GL. Estudo anatômico do ligamento anterolateral do joelho. Rev Bras Ortop. 2013;48(4):368-73.
• Vadalà A, Iorio R, De Carli A, Ferretti M, Paravani D, Caperna L, Iorio C, Gatti A, Ferretti A. Platelet-rich plasma: does it help reduce tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21(4):824-9.
• Lee JK, Lee S, Seong SC, Lee MC. Anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction is possible with use of the modified transtibial technique: a comparison with the anteromedial transportal technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(8):664-72.
• Song EK, Park HW, Ahn YS, Seon JK. Transtibial versus tibial inlay techniques for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: long-term follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(12):2964-71.
• Wang L, Lin L, Feng Y, Fernandes TL, Asnis P, Hosseini A, Li G. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and cartilage contact forces-A 3D computational simulation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015;30(10):1175-80.
• Zebis MK, Andersen LL, Brandt M, Myklebust G, Bencke J, Lauridsen HB, Bandholm T, Thorborg K, Hölmich P, Aagaard P. Effects of evidence-based prevention training on neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury in adolescent female athletes: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2015 [Epub ahead of print]
• Wellsandt E, Gardinier ES, Manal K, Axe MJ, Buchanan TS, Snyder-Mackler L.Decreased Knee Joint Loading Associated With Early Knee Osteoarthritis AfterAnterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Oct 22. [Epub ahead of print] Webster KE, Feller JA, Hartnett N, Leigh WB, Richmond AK. Comparison of Patellar Tendon and Hamstring Tendon Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A 15-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2015 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print]
• Helito CP, Bonadio MB, Gobbi RG, da Mota E Albuquerque RF, Pécora JR, Camanho GL, Demange MK. Combined intra- and extra-articular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: the reconstruction of the knee anterolateral ligament. Arthrosc Tech. 2015;4(3):e239-44.
• Figueroa D, Figueroa F, Calvo R, Vaisman A, Ahumada X, Arellano S. Platelet-rich plasma use in anterior cruciate ligament surgery: systematic review of the literature. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(5):981-8.
• Stephen JM, Dodds AL, Lumpaopong P, Kader D, Williams A, Amis AA. The ability of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction to correct patellar kinematics and contact mechanics in the presence of a lateralized tibial tubercle. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(9):2198-207.
• Derby E, Imrecke J, Henckel J, Hirschmann A, Amsler F, Hirschmann MT. How sensitive and specific is 1.5 Tesla MRI for diagnosing injuries in patients with knee dislocation? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print]
• Angelini FJ, Helito CP, Bonadio MB, Guimarães TM, Barreto RB, Pécora JR,Camanho GL, da Mota E Albuquerque RF. External fixator for treatment of the sub-acute and chronic multi-ligament-injured knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(10):3012-8.
• Serbino JW Junior, Albuquerque RF, Pereira CA, Rezende MU, Lasmar RC, Hernandez AJ. Posterolateral anatomical reconstruction restored varus but not rotational stability: A biomechanical study with cadavers. Knee. 2015;22(6):499-505.
• Song JG, Kang SB, Oh SH, Han JH, Shah D, Park HJ, Kholmurodov UT, Nha KW. Medial soft-tissue realignment Versus Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation: Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2015 Nov 3. pii: S0749-8063(15)00673-8.[Epub ahead of print]
• Denard PJ, Dai X, Burkhart SS. Increasing preoperative dislocations and total time of dislocation affect surgical management of anterior shoulder instability. Int J Shoulder Surg. 2015;9(1):1-5.
• Leivadiotou D, Ahrens P. Arthroscopic treatment of posterior shoulder instability: A systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(3):555-60. Moroder P, Runer A, Kraemer M, Fierlbeck J, Niederberger A, Cotofana S, Vasvari I, Hettegger B, Tauber M, Hurschler C, Resch H. Influence of defect size and localization on the engagement of reverse hill-sachs lesions. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(3):542-8.
• Plath JE, Aboalata M, Seppel G, Juretzko J, Waldt S, Vogt S, Imhoff AB. Prevalence of and risk factors for dislocation arthropathy: radiological long-term outcome of arthroscopic bankart repair in 100 shoulders at an average 13-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(5):1084-90.
• Di Giacomo G, Itoi E, Burkhart SS. Evolving concept of bipolar bone loss and the Hill-Sachs lesion: from “engaging/non-engaging” lesion to “on-track/off-track” lesion. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(1):90-8.
• Yamamoto N, Muraki T, An KN, Sperling JW, Cofield RH, Itoi E, Walch G, Steinmann SP. The stabilizing mechanism of the latarjet procedure: a cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(15):1390-7.
• Park JY, Chung SW, Kumar G, Oh KS, Choi JH, Lee D, Park S. Factors affecting capsular volume changes and association with outcomes after bankart repair and capsular shift. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(2):428-38.
• Gordins V, Hovelius L, Sandström B, Rahme H, Bergström U. Risk of arthropathy after the Bristow-Latarjet repair: a radiologic and clinical thirty-three to thirty-five years of follow-up of thirty-one shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2015;24(5):691-9. Talwalkar SC. Ligament injuries of the hand. Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(4):225-9.
• Loeffler BJ, Green JB, Zelouf DF. Forearm Instability. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;30:156-67.
• Caggiano N, Matullo KS. Carpal instability of the wrist. Orthop Clin N Am. 2014;45:129-40.
• Avery III DM, Caggiano NM, Matullo KS. Ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb. A comprehensive review. Orthop Clin N Am. 2015;46:281-92.

Faculty Responsible: Ana Lucia Lei Munhoz Lima, Olavo Pires de Camargo, Roberto Guarniero

No. of credits: 3

Objectives: Based on the same line of research clinical and epidemiological models of the degenerative and structural changes of the locomotor apparatus), this course aims to provide theoretical and pedagogical foundations to students who are developing research projects related to this line, with critical analysis of the works presented in relation to the methodology used; Inclusion and exclusion factors; Currentness of the work; Pertinent literature; whether the conclusions are compatible with the work proposal; Critical analysis of the content.

Justification: It aims to establish a study group comprised of advisors and students who are developing projects in the same line of interest and discussing the most impactful studies within PubMed.

Content: Presentation of a seminar and discussion of the research projects and papers published in the last 5 years about musculoskeletal neoplasias with emphasis on molecular biology and publications on osteoarthrosis and congenital and acquired structural deformities of the locomotor apparatus.

Form of Evaluation: Active participation in the discussions during seminar presentations, seminar presentations, 85% class attendance.

Note: The subjects will be taught on Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays from 8 am to 12 pm. Minimum no. of students = 5; Maximum no. of students = 20.

Bibliography:

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  • Grimer RJ, Gosheger G, Taminiau A, Biau D, Matejovsky Z, Kollender Y, San-Julian M, Gherlinzoni F, Ferrari C. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: prognostic factors and outcome from a European group. Eur J Cancer. 2007 Sep;43(14):2060-5.
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  • Kim MS, Cho WH, Song WS, Lee SY, Jeon DG. Time dependency of prognostic factors in patients with stage II osteosarcomas. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Oct;463:157-65.
  • Bacci G, Forni C, Longhi A, Ferrari S, Mercuri M, Bertoni F, Serra M, Briccoli A, Balladelli A, Picci P. Local recurrence and local control of non-metastatic osteosarcoma of the extremities: a 27-year experience in a single institution. J Surg Oncol. 2007 Aug 1;96(2):118-23.
  • Maehara H, Kaname T, Yanagi K, Hanzawa H, Owan I, Kinjou T, Kadomatsu K, Ikematsu S, Iwamasa T, Kanaya F, Naritomi K. Midkine as a novel target for antibody therapy in osteosarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jul 6;358(3):757-62.
  • Abraham JA, Hornicek FJ, Kaufman AM, Harmon DC, Springfield DS, Raskin KA, Mankin HJ, Kirsch DG, Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, Desphpande V, Suit HD, DeLaney TF, Yoon SS. Treatment and outcome of 82 patients with angiosarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007 Jun;14(6):1953-67.
  • Obata H, Ueda T, Kawai A, Ishii T, Ozaki T, Abe S, Tanaka K, Tsuchiya H, Matsumine A, Yabe H; the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. Clinical outcome of patients with Ewing sarcoma family of tumors of bone in Japan: the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group cooperative study. Cancer. 2007 Feb 15;109(4):767-75. Rehders A, Hosch SB, Scheunemann P, Stoecklein NH, Knoefel WT, Peiper M. Benefit of surgical treatment of lung metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma. Arch Surg. 2007 Jan;142(1):70-5;
  • Barr RD. Common cancers in adolescents. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007 Nov;33(7):597-602.
  • Vermeulen J, Ballet S, Oberlin O, Peter M, Pierron G, Longavenne E, Laurence V, Kanold J, Chastagner P, Lejars O, Blay JY, Marec-Berard P, Michon J, Delattre O, Schleiermacher G. Incidence and prognostic value of tumour cells detected by RT-PCR in peripheral blood stem cell collections from patients with Ewing tumour. Br J Cancer. 2006 Nov 20;95(10):1326-33.
  • Suzuki M, Iwata T, Ando S, Iida T, Nakajima T, Ishii T, Yonemoto T, Tatezaki S, Fujisawa T, Kimura H. Predictors of long-term survival with pulmonary metastasectomy for osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2006 Oct;47(5):603-8.
  • Thacker MM, Temple HT, Scully SP. Current treatment for Ewing’s sarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2005 Apr;5(2):319-31.
  • Leerapun T, Hugate RR, Inwards CY, Scully SP, Sim FH. Surgical management of conventional grade I chondrosarcoma of long bones. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Oct;463:166-72.
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  • Jeon DG, Kim MS, Cho WH, Song WS, Lee SY. Clinical outcome of osteosarcoma with primary total femoral resection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Apr;457:176-82.
  • Menendez LR, Ahlmann ER, Savage K, Cluck M, Fedenko AN. Tumor necrosis has no prognostic value in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Feb;455:219-24.
  • Papagelopoulos PJ, Galanis EC, Mavrogenis AF, Savvidou OD, Bond JR, Unni KK, Sim FH. Survivorship analysis in patients with periosteal chondrosarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Jul;448:199-207.
  • Mankin HJ, Hornicek FJ, Harris M. Total femur replacement procedures in tumor treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Sep;438:60-4.
  • Etchebehere M, de Camargo OP, Croci AT, Oliveira CR, Baptista AM. Relationship between surgical procedure and outcome for patients with grade I chondrosarcomas. Clinics. 2005 Apr;60(2):121-6.
  • Yuen A, Ek ET, Choong PF. Research: Is resection of tumours involving the pelvic ring justified? : A review of 49 consecutive cases. Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2005 Apr 9;2(1):9.
  • Schneiderbauer MM, Blanchard C, Gullerud R, Harmsen WS, Rock MG, Shives TC, Sim FH, Scully SP. Scapular chondrosarcomas have high rates of local recurrence and metastasis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Sep;(426):232-8.
  • Stöckle U, Krettek C, Pohlemann T, Messmer P. Clinical applications–pelvis. Injury. 2004 Jun;35 Suppl 1:S-A46-56. Brand RA. Writing for Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. Clin Orthop 2003; 413:1-7.
  • Brighton B, Bhandari M, Tornetta P III, Felson DT. Hierarchy of evidence: form case reports to randomized controlled trials. Clin Orthop 2003; 413:19-24.
  • Devereaux PJ, McKee MD, Yusuf S. Methodologic issues in randomized controlled trials of surgical interventions. Clin Orthop 2003; 413:25-32.
  • Hartz A, Marsh JL Methodologic issues in observational studies. Clin Orthop 2003; 413:33-42.
  • Phelps AM. The classic: Congenital dislocation of the hip, 1891. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(4):763-70. Landa J, Benke M, Feldman DS. The limbus and the neolimbus in developmental dysplasia of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008; 466(4):776-81.
  • Hartofilakidis G, Yiannakopoulos CK, Babis GC. The morphologic variations of low and high hip dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008.
  • Bursali A, Tonbul M. How are outcomes affected by combining the Pemberton and Salter osteotomies? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(4):837-46.
  • Badgley CE. Etiology of congenital dislocation of the hip : Carl E. Badgley MD (1893-1973). The 11th president of the AAOS 1942. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Jan;466(1):90-103.
  • Krieg AH, Speth BM, Foster BK. Leg lengthening with a motorized nail in adolescents : an alternative to external fixators? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Jan;466(1):189-97.
  • Biau DJ, Kernéis S, Porcher R. Statistics in brief: the importance of sample size in the planning and interpretation of medical research. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(9):2282-8.
  • Carr A, Grund B, Neuhaus J, Schwartz A, Bernardino JI, White D, Badel-Faesen S, Avihingsanon A, Ensrud K, Hoy J; International Network for Strategic Initiatives in Global HIV Trials (INSIGHT) START Study Group. Prevalence of and risk factors for low bone mineral density in untreated HIV infection: a substudy of the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial. HIV Med. 2015 Apr;16 Suppl 1:137-46.
  • Connaughton A1, Childs A2, Dylewski S1, Sabesan VJ. Biofilm Disrupting Technology for Orthopedic Implants: What’s on the Horizon? Front Med (Lausanne). 2014 Aug 15;1:22.
  • McComsey GA1, Tebas P, Shane E, Yin MT, Overton ET, Huang JS, Aldrovandi GM, Cardoso SW, Santana JL, Brown TT. Bone disease in HIV infection: a practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15;51(8):937-46.
  • McConoughey SJ1, Howlin R, Granger JF, Manring MM, Calhoun JH, Shirtliff M, Kathju S, Stoodley P. Biofilms in periprosthetic orthopedic infections. Future Microbiol. 2014;9(8):987-1007.
  • Puig-Verdié L1, Alentorn-Geli E, González-Cuevas A, Sorlí L, Salvadó M, Alier A, Pelfort X, Portillo ME, Horcajada JP. Implant sonication increases the diagnostic accuracy of infection in patients with delayed, but not early, orthopaedic implant failure. Bone Joint J. 2013 Feb;95-B(2):244-9.
  • Springer BD. The Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection .J Arthroplasty. 2015 Apr 21. pii: S0883-5403(15)00271-5.
  • Tande AJ, Patel R. Prosthetic joint infection. ClinMicrobiol Rev. 2014 Apr;27(2):302-45
  • The Workgroup Convened by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society. New Definition for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. The Journal of Arthroplasty, Volume 26, Issue 8, December 2011, Pages 1136–1138.
  • Walker Harris V1, Brown TT. Bone loss in the HIV-infected patient: evidence, clinical implications, and treatment strategies.J Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;205 Suppl 3:S391-8.
  • Warriner AH1, Mugavero M, Overton ET. Bone alterations associated with HIV..Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014 Sep;11(3):233-40.

Faculty Responsible: Marcelo Rosa de Rezende, Rames Mattar Junior, Eduardo Ferreira Borba Neto, Camilo Partezani Helito, Danieli Castro Oliveira de Andrade

No. of credits: 8

Objectives: To offer the graduate student the opportunity to study scientific methodology and apply these concepts in practice, with a critical view of scientific works, particularly in the locomotor apparatus area. The student will be offered the opportunity to discuss their project during the course.

Justification: The preparation of scientific works requires knowledge of the methodological rules that will give credibility to the results obtained. As such, basic knowledge of the standards that govern the elaboration of a scientific work is necessary. It is especially important that the knowledge studied can be put into practice, through discussion of scientific works with a critical view, especially of the methodological aspect.

Content: The scope of the course will include a conceptual study of the methodological structuring of a scientific work through discussion of topics online, combined with practical study through active participation in scientific work meetings, in which you can put into practice the theoretical concepts of: Introduction to scientific research, Forming the scientific question, Study of sample size (power and error), Choosing statistical methods, Regularization of projects with the commissions, Secure data collection and storage, Term of consent, Bibliographical research tools, Search for project resources, Ethical aspects of the project, Publication strategies, Tools for evaluating locomotor apparatus results, Equipment studies.

Form of Evaluation: See Note.

Note: Active participation in the discussion during seminar presentations. Seminar presentations. 85% class attendance. Preparation of a report on the influence of the discipline on your project. Notes: this course will be taught through online activity, participation in scientific work meetings, seminar presentations. The theoretical and practical classes will be held on Fridays from 10 am to 12 pm. Minimum no. of students = 5; maximum no. of students = 15.

Bibliography:

• Grunfeld, E., Zitzelsberger, L., Coristine, M. & Aspelund, F. Barriers and facilitators to enrollment in cancer clinical trials: qualitative study of the perspectives of clinical research associates. Cancer 95, 1577–83 (2002).
• Peto, V., Coulter, A. & Bond, A. Factors Affecting General Practitioners’ Recruitment of Patients into a Prospective Study. Fam. Pract. 10, 207–211 (1993).
• Ravani, P., Parfrey, P. S., Dicks, E. & Barrett, B. J. Clinical research of kidney diseases II: problems of study design. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 22, 2785–94 (2007).
• Enarson, D. a, Kennedy, S. M. & Miller, D. L. Choosing a research study design and selecting a population to study. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8, 1151–6 (2004).
• Higgins, P. a & Straub, A. J. Understanding the error of our ways: mapping the concepts of validity and reliability. Nurs. Outlook 54, 23–9
• Hróbjartsson, a, Forfang, E., Haahr, M. T., Als-Nielsen, B. & Brorson, S. Blinded trials taken to the test: an analysis of randomized clinical trials that report tests for the success of blinding. Int. J. Epidemiol. 36, 654–63 (2007).
• Forder, P. M., Gebski, V. J. & Keech, A. C. Allocation concealment and blinding: when ignorance is bliss. Med. J. Aust. 182, 87–9 (2005).
• Petkova, E., Quitkin, F. M., McGrath, P. J., Stewart, J. W. & Klein, D. F. A method to quantify rater bias in antidepressant trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 22, 559–65 (2000).
• Abdul Latif, L., Daud Amadera, J. E., Pimentel, D., Pimentel, T. & Fregni, F. Sample size calculation in physical medicine and rehabilitation: a systematic review of reporting, characteristics, and results in randomized controlled trials. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 92, 306–15 (2011).
• Wang, R. et al. spe ci a l r ep or t Statistics in Medicine — Reporting of Subgroup Analyses in Clinical Trials. 2189–2194 (2007).
• Leslie Gross Portney (Author), Mary P. Wathins (Author) – Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice (3rd edition) [Hardcover]
• Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA. 2003 Sep 24;290(12):1624-32
• Bridgman S, Engebretsen L, Dainty K, Kirkley A, Maffulli N; ISAKOS Scientific Committee. Practical aspects of randomization and blinding in randomized clinical trials. Arthroscopy. 2003 Nov; 19(9):1000-6
• Boutron I, Guittet L, Estellat C, Moher D, Hróbjartsson A, Ravaud P. Reporting methods of vlinding in randomized trials assessing nonpharmacological treatments. PLoS Med. 2007 Feb;4(2):e61; review
• Elise Whitley, Jonathan Ball, Statistics review 3: Hypotheses testing and P values, Critical Care. 2002. 6:222-225 (18 March 2002)
• Elise Whitley, Jonathan Ball, Statistics review 5: Comparison of means, Critical Care 2002, 6:424-428 (12 July 2002)
• Elise Whitley, Jonathan Ball, Statistics review 6: Nonparametric methods, Critical Care 2002, 6:509-513 (13 September 2002)
• Código Civil Brasileiro Código Penal Brasileiro Conselho Federal de Medicina – Código de Ética Médica Constituição da República do Brasil Daniel Andler, Anne Fagot-Largeault e Bertrand – Saint-Sernin: Philosophie des Sciences I & II, Paris: Gallimard, 2002 vols
• Documentação relativa à ética em pesquisa do Governo Federal http://222.datasus.gov.br/conselho/comissoes/etica/conep.htm (consultado em 03/03/2005)
• Brauer CA, Neumann PJ, Rosen AB. Trends in cost effectiveness analyses in orthopaedic surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Apr;457:42.

Faculty Responsible: Eloisa Silva Dutra de Oliveira Bonfa, Eduardo Ferreira Borba Neto, Sandra Gofinet Pasoto, Clóvis Artur Almeida da Silva

No. of credits: 4

Objectives: This course aims to develop the writing of a scientific work through a writing workshop process, in which each student brings the results of their research and writes about each step of the scientific work during the course. The process involves critical analysis and the practice of writing a scientific work.

Justification: Students need to be trained in the preparation of scientific works.

Content: from the results obtained for thesis preparation, writing workshops will be conducted for each of the following items: 1. Authorship – criteria, 2 Defining the title, 3. Writing the abstract – methodology and practice, 4. Writing the introduction – methodology and practice, 5. Writing the discussion – methodology and practice, 6. Criteria used by the reviewers for paper evaluation.

Form of Evaluation: 1. Presence/Participation 2. Paper preparation

Note: (Prerequisite for enrollment) ONLY students who have their thesis results practically finalized and in the critical analysis phase will be accepted. The course depends on these data for writing preparation. Number of students: minimum – 8, and maximum – 12.

Bibliography:

• Heckenberg A, Druml C. Gender aspects in medical publication – the Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2010 Mar;122(5-6):141-5.
• Looi LM. Nurturing young writers: sustaining quality, not quantity. Singapore Med J. 2009 Nov;50(11):1044-7.
• Sismondo S. Ghosts in the machine: publication planning in the medical sciences. Soc Stud Sci. 2009 Apr;39(2):171-98.
• Ng KH, Peh WC. Preparing effective tables. Singapore Med J. 2009 Feb;50(2):117-8 5-
• Singh S, Chaudhary R, Suvirya S. Scientific precision in titles of research papers published in three dermatology journals. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Mar; 60(3):e 7-e 15.
• Matías-Guiu J, García-Ramos R. [Author and authorship in medical journals]. Neurologia. 2009 Jan-Feb;24(1):1-6.
• Gøtzsche PC, Kassirer JP, Woolley KL, Wager E, Jacobs A, Gertel A, Hamilton C. What should be done to tackle ghostwriting in the medical literature? PLoS Med. 2009 Feb 3;6(2):e 23.
• Walsh PJ, Mommsen TP, Nilsson GE. The do’s and don’t’s of submitting scientific papers. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Mar;152(3):203-4.
• Wager E. Recognition, reward and responsibility: why the authorship of scientific papers matters. Maturitas. 2009 Feb 20;62(2):109-12.
• Ng KH, Peh WC. Writing the materials and methods. Singapore Med J. 2008 Nov;49(11):856-8
• Øvretveit J. Writing a scientific publication for a management journal. JHealth Organ Manag. 2008;22(2):189-206.
• Peh WC, Ng KH. Basic structure and types of scientific papers. Singapore Med J. 2008 Jul;49(7):522-5
• Ioannidis JP. Measuring co-authorship and networking-adjusted scientific impact. PLoS One. 2008 Jul 23; 3(7):e 2778.
• Fahy K. Writing for publication: argument and evidence. Women Birth. 2008 Sep;21(3):113-7.
• Van Way CW 3rd. Writing a scientific paper. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007 Dec;22(6):636-40.
• Charlton BG. How can the English-language scientific literature be made more accessible to non-native speakers? Journals should allow greater use of referenced direct quotations in ‘component-oriented’ scientific writing. Med Hypotheses. 2007;69(6):1163-4.
• Stang A, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A. Submissions of scientific papers should not become a sophistication. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007 May; 60(5):535
• Ramón y Cajal S. Procedures in current practice on the writing of scientific papers. 1937. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Feb;455:14-7.
• Alexandrov AV, Hennerici MG. Writing good abstracts. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(4):256-9.
• Mott Greene The demise of the lone authorNature 450, 1165 (20 December 2007)
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• Communication Skills for the Foreign Born Professional. Gregory A. Barnes, ISI Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1982.
• Volpato, GL. Publicação Científica. 2 ed. Botucatu, S.P:Tipomic; 2003
• Asti Vera, Armando. Metodologia da pesquisa científica. Porto Alegre: Globo, 1980.
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• Castro CM. A prática da pesquisa. São Paulo, McGraw Hill, 1978.
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• Briscoe MH. Preparing scientific illustrations: a guide to better posters, presentations, and publications. Springer, New York, 1995.
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Faculty Responsible: Marco Kawamura Demange, Riccardo Gomes Gobbi, Eduardo Angeli Malavolta

No. of credits: 8

Objectives: To offer the graduate student in Musculoskeletal System Sciences or from other interested areas, review and debate on current and relevant themes in modern orthopedics, with critical analysis based on evidence from therapeutic practices. The students will have the opportunity to update themselves on the topics discussed while reinforcing scientific methodology concepts.

Justification: Reading articles requires knowledge of scientific methods so that the real relevance of each study to clinical practice is established. With the plethora of scientific articles being published each month, graduate students need tools to analyze these articles critically under the lens of evidence-based medicine.

Content: The course will be divided into weekly modules addressing relevant musculoskeletal system themes (Introduction to evidence-base medicine, Trauma of the upper limbs, Trauma of the lower limbs, Spine, Shoulder and Elbow, Hand and Microsurgery, Hip, Knee, Foot and Ankle, Sports Medicine and Physical Education, and Rheumatology). Students will have access to a block of classes on the topic and to articles about the topics for study and discussion in the online forum. At the end of the course, the students will have conducted a critical study of the main area themes. Priority will be given to studies with the highest level of evidence available and systematic reviews/meta-analyses that explore common treatments without robust scientific support and future research possibilities to clarify knowledge gaps.

Form of Evaluation: See Note

Note: Active weekly participation in the online forum discussions, class viewing attendance and presentation of an article relevant to the topic of the student’s graduate project at the end of the course. Note: This course will be taught via group online activity/forum with all students and teachers, recorded classes on the weekly topics and a presentation of work selected by the student from an area relevant to their graduate project.

Bibliography:

• Malavolta EA, Demange MK, Gobbi RG, Imamura M, Fregni F . Ensaios clinicos controlados e randomizados na ortopedia: dificuldades e limitacões. Rev Bras Ortop. 2011;46(4):452-59
• Mohit Bhandari, editor-in-chief. Evidence-based orthopedics. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
• Zlowodzki M, Jonsson A, Bhandari M. Common pitfalls in the conduct of clinical research. Med Princ Pract. 2006;15(1)1-8.
• Chaudhry H, Mundi R, Singh I, Einhorn TA, Bhandari M. How good is the orthopaedic literature. Indian J Orthop. 2008;42(2):144-9.
• Soucacos PN, Johnson EO, Babis G. Randomised controlled trials in orthopaedic surgery and traumatology: overview of parameters and pitfalls. Injury. 2008;39(6):636-42.
• Portney LG, Watkins MP. Validity in experimental design. In: Portney LG, Watkins MP, editores. Foundations of clinical research – applications to practice. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2009. p. 161-91.
• Paradis C. Bias in surgical research. Ann Surg. 2008;248(2):180-8.
• Black N. Evidence-based surgery: a passing fad? World J Surg. 1999;23(8):789-93. Freedman KB, Back S, Bernstein J. Sample size and statistical power of randomised, controlled trials in orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(3):397-402.
• Bhandari M, Johnsson A, Buhren V. Conducting industry-partnered trials in orthopaedic surgery. Injury. 2006;37(4):361-6.
• Lynch JR, Cunningham MRA, Warme WJ, Schaad DC, Wolf FM, Leopold SS. Commercially funded and United States-based research is more likely to be published; Good-quality studies with negative outcomes are not. J Bone Joint Surg. 2007;89(5):1010-8.
• Lochner HV, Bhandari M, Tornetta P. Type-II error rates (beta errors) of randomized trials in orthopaedic trauma. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001;83(11):1650-5.
• Herman A, Botser IB, Tenenbaum S, Chechick A. Intention-to-Treat Analysis and Accounting for Missing Data in Orthopedic Randomized Clinical Trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(9):2137-43.
• Ahmad N, Boutron I, Moher D, Pitrou I, Roy C, Ravaud P. Neglected external validity in reports of randomized trials: the example of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(3):361-9.
• Abraham NS, Young JM, Solomon MJ. A systematic review of reasons for nonentry of eligible patients into surgical randomized controlled trials. Surgery. 2006;139(4):469-83.
• Bhandari M, Richards RR, Sprague S, Schemitsch EH. The quality of reporting of randomized trials in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery from 1988 through 2000. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84(3):388-96.
• Gotzsche PC. Blinding during data analysis and writing of manuscripts. Control Clin Trials. 1996;17(4):285-90.
• Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. Lancet. 2002;359(9307):696-700.
• Boutron I, Tubach F, Giraudeau B, Ravaud P. Blinding was judged more difficult to achieve and maintain in nonpharmacologic than pharmacologic trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57(6):543-50.
• Simunovic N, Devereaux PJ, Bhandari M. Design considerations for randomised trials in orthopaedic fracture surgery. Injury. 2008;39(6):696-704.
• Moseley JB, O’Malley K, Petersen NJ, Menke TJ, Brody BA, Kuykendall DH, et al. A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(2):81-8.
• Heckerling PS. Placebo surgery research: a blinding imperative. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59(9):876-80.
• Horng S, Miller FG. Is placebo surgery unethical? N Engl J Med. 2002;347(2):137-9.
• Poolman RW, Struijs PAA, Krips R, Sierevelt IN, Marti RK, Farrokhyar F, et al. Reporting of outcomes in orthopaedic randomized trials: Does blinding of outcome assessors matter? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(3):550-8.

Faculty Responsible: Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira, Luciana Parente Costa Seguro, Diogo Souza Domiciano

No. of credits: 5

Objectives: The course objective is to present and discuss advanced knowledge in osteometabolism, physiopathology, and the diagnosis and treatment of osteometabolic diseases.

Justification: Osteometabolism has become increasingly important in the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases that are the target of study by several medical specialties (Rheumatology, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Gynecology, Oncology, etc.). Therefore, its knowledge is increasingly important in the training of researchers and doctors in numerous fields of medicine. Recently, there have been several innovations in diagnostic imaging, including new technologies, such as bone tomography, TBS and new software linked to DXA, osteoimmunology and inflammatory markers in diseases that involve secondary causes of osteoporosis.

Content: Experts in different Bone Metabolism knowledge areas will be invited to discuss the topics, followed by the presentation of scientific articles on the subject of each day. The seminars will be presented by the students, in expository class format (PowerPoint) with open discussion. 1. Osteoimmunology (cells, main molecular signaling pathways, inflammation and bone) 2. Imaging in Osteometabolism (DXA, VFA, TBS and HR-pQCT) 3. Bone biopsy and Histomorphometry / Renal Bone Disease) 4. Vitamin D – Extraskeletal Activity 5. Biologics in Osteoporosis (Denosumab and Romosozumab) / Use of bone antiresorptive agents in cancer 6. Body composition/Visceral Adipose Tissue for DXA and Sarcopenia

Form of Evaluation: 1. Presence/Participation 2. Seminar/scientific article presentation

Note: Number of students: minimum 8, maximum 30

Bibliography:

• Terashima A, Takayanagi H. Overview of Osteoimmunology. Calcif Tissue Int.2018;102(5):503-511.
• Walsh MC, Takegahara N, Kim H, Choi Y. Updating osteoimmunology: regulation of bone cells by innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(3):146-156.
• Hsu E, Pacifici R. From Osteoimmunology to Osteomicrobiology: How the Microbiota and the Immune System Regulate Bone. Calcif Tissue Int. 2018;102(5):512-521
• Okamoto K, Nakashima T, Shinohara M, Negishi-Koga T, Komatsu N, Terashima A, et al. Osteoimmunology: The Conceptual Framework Unifying the Immune and Skeletal Systems. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(4):1295-1349.
• Rossini M, Viapiana O, Adami S, Idolazzi L, Fracassi E, Gatti D. Focal bone involvement in inflammatory arthritis: the role of IL17. Rheumatol Int. 2016;36(4):469-82.
• Zerbini CAF, Clark P, Mendez-Sanchez L, Pereira RMR, Messina OD, Uña CR, Adachi JD, Lems WF, Cooper C, Lane NE; IOF Chronic Inflammation and Bone Structure (CIBS) Working Group. Biologic therapies and bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(2):429-446.
• Schousboe JT, Shepherd JA, Bilezikian JP, Baim S. Executive summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on bone densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2013;16(4):455-66.
• Domiciano DS, Figueiredo CP, Lopes JB, Kuroishi ME, Takayama L, Caparbo VF, et al. Vertebral fracture assessment by dual X-ray absorptiometry: a valid tool to detect vertebral fractures in community-dwelling older adults in a population-based survey. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(5):809-15.
• Malgo F, Hamdy NAT, Ticheler CHJM, Smit F, Kroon HM, Rabelink TJ, et al. Value and potential limitations of vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) compared to conventional spine radiography: experience from a fracture liaison service (FLS) and a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(10):2955-2965.
• Zeytinoglu M, Jain RK, Vokes TJ. Vertebral fracture assessment: Enhancing the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis. Bone. 2017;104:54-65.
• Lee JH, Lee YK, Oh SH, Ahn J, Lee YE, Pyo JH, Choi YY, Kim D, Bae SC, Sung YK, Kim DY. A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy of vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) in postmenopausal women and elderly men. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(5):1691-9.
• Alvarenga JC, Boyd SK, Pereira RMR. The relationship between estimated bone strength by finite element analysis at the peripheral skeleton to areal BMD and trabecular bone score at lumbar spine. Bone. 2018;117:47-53.
• Ramalho J, Marques IDB, Hans D, Dempster D, Zhou H, Patel P, Pereira RMR, Jorgetti V, Moyses RMA, Nickolas TL. The trabecular bone score: Relationships with trabecular and cortical microarchitecture measured by HR-pQCT and histomorphometry in patients with chronic kidney disease. Bone. 2018;116:215-220.
• Figueiredo CP, Kleyer A, Simon D, Stemmler F, d’Oliveira I, Weissenfels A, Museyko O, Friedberger A, Hueber AJ, Haschka J, Englbrecht M, Pereira RMR, Rech J, Schett G, Engelke K. Methods for segmentation of rheumatoid arthritis bone erosions in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018;47(5):611-618.
• Leslie WD, Johansson H, McCloskey EV, Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Hans D. Comparison of Methods for Improving Fracture Risk Assessment in Diabetes: The Manitoba BMD Registry. J Bone Miner Res. 2018;33(11):1923-1930.
• Schousboe JT, Vo TN, Langsetmo L, Taylor BC, Cawthon PM, Schwartz AV, Bauer DC, Orwoll ES, Lane NE, Barrett-Connor E, Ensrud KE; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group. Association of Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) With Incident Clinical and Radiographic Vertebral Fractures Adjusted for Lumbar Spine BMD in Older Men: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(7):1554-1558.
• Martineau P, Leslie WD, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV, Hans D, Kanis JA. Clinical Utility of Using Lumbar Spine Trabecular Bone Score to Adjust Fracture Probability: The Manitoba BMD Cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(7):1568-1574. 18. Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Morin SN, Hans D, Lix LM. Change in Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) With Antiresorptive Therapy Does Not Predict Fracture in Women: The Manitoba BMD Cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(3):618-623.
• McCloskey EV, Odén A, Harvey NC, Leslie WD, Hans D, Johansson H, Barkmann R, et al. A Meta-Analysis of Trabecular Bone Score in Fracture Risk Prediction and Its Relationship to FRAX. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(5):940-8.
• Iki M, Tamaki J, Kadowaki E, Sato Y, Dongmei N, Winzenrieth R, et al. Trabecular bone score (TBS) predicts vertebral fractures in Japanese women over 10 years independently of bone density and prevalente vertebral deformity: the Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(2):399-407.
• Dempster DW, Compston JE, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, et al. Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: a 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(1):2-17.
• Santos MFP, Hernández MJ, de Oliveira IB, Siqueira FR, Dominguez WV, Dos Reis LM, et al. Comparison of clinical, biochemical and histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies in dialysis patients with and without fractures. J Bone Miner Metab. 2018; Jan 25.
• Marques ID, Araújo MJ, Graciolli FG, Reis LM, Pereira RM, Custódio MR, et al. Biopsy vs. peripheral computed tomography to assess bone disease in CKD patients on dialysis: differences and similarities. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(5):1675-1683.
• de Souza CG, Jorgetti V, Dos Reis LM, Croci AT. Histomorphometric analysis of the femoral neck in patients with and without femoral neck fracture. Acta Ortop Bras. 2015;23(2):98-102.
• Carvalho AB, Carneiro R, Leme GM, Rochitte CE, Santos RD, Miname MH, et al. Vertebral bone density by quantitative computed tomography mirrors bone structure histomorphometric parameters in hemodialysis patients. J Bone Miner Metab. 2013;31(5):551-5.
• Lima GL, Paupitz JA, Aikawa NE, Alvarenga JC, Pereira RMR. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: positive effect on trabecular microarchitecture using HR-pQCT. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(3):587-594.
• Mayor S. Vitamin D does not reduce cancer or cardiovascular events in healthy adults, trial finds. BMJ. 2018;363:k4776.
• Zheng JS, Imamura F, Sharp SJ, van der Schouw YT, Sluijs I, Gundersen TE, et al. Association of plasma vitamin D metabolites with incident type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;Nov 9.
• Manson JE, Cook NR, Lee IM, Christen W, Bassuk SS, Mora S, et al; VITAL Research Group. Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2018; Nov 10.
• Grammatiki M, Karras S, Kotsa K. The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Hormones (Athens). 2018;25.
• Umar M, Sastry KS, Chouchane AI. Role of Vitamin D Beyond the Skeletal Function: A Review of the Molecular and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6).
• Autier P, Mullie P, Macacu A, Dragomir M, Boniol M, Coppens K, Pizot C, Boniol M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(12):986-1004.
• Franco AS, Freitas TQ, Bernardo WM, Pereira RMR. Vitamin D supplementation and disease activity in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(23):e7024.
• Machado KL, Domiciano DS, Machado LG, Lopes JB, Figueiredo CP, Takayama L, et al. Persistent hypovitaminosis D and loss of hip bone mineral density over time as additional risk factors for recurrent falls in a population-based prospective cohort of elderly persons living in the community. The São Paulo Ageing & Health (SPAH) Study. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(5):1535-42.
• Cosman F, Crittenden DB, Adachi JD, Binkley N, Czerwinski E, Ferrari S, et al. Romosozumab Treatment in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(16):1532-1543.
• Saag KG, Petersen J, Brandi ML, Karaplis AC, Lorentzon M, Thomas T, et al. Romosozumab or Alendronate for Fracture Prevention in Women with Osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(15):1417-1427.
• Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N, Feldman R, Tammela TL, Saad F, et al. Denosumab HALT Prostate Cancer Study Group. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(8):745-55.
• Sugimoto T, Matsumoto T, Hosoi T, Miki T, Gorai I, Yoshikawa H, et al. Three-year denosumab treatment in postmenopausal Japanese women and men with osteoporosis: results from a 1-year open-label extension of the Denosumab Fracture Intervention Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial (DIRECT). Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(2):765-74.
• Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML, Brown JP, Chapurlat R, Cummings SR, et al. 10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomised FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(7):513-523.
• Adami S, Libanati C, Boonen S, Cummings SR, Ho PR, Wang A, Siris E et al. Denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis does not interfere with fracture-healing: results from the FREEDOM trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(23):2113-9.
• Saad F, Sternberg CN, Mulders PFA, Niepel D, Tombal BF. The role of bisphosphonates or denosumab in light of the availability of new therapies for prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;68:25-37.
• Dorff TB, Agarwal N. Bone-targeted therapies to reduce skeletal morbidity in prostate cancer. Asian J Androl. 2018;20(3):215-220.
• Menshawy A, Mattar O, Abdulkarim A, Kasem S, Nasreldin N, Menshawy E, et al. Denosumab versus bisphosphonates in patients with advanced cancers-related bone metastasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2018;26(4):1029-1038.
• Mhaskar R, Kumar A, Miladinovic B, Djulbegovic B. Bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: an updated network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12:CD003188.
• O’Carrigan B, Wong MH, Willson ML, Stockler MR, Pavlakis N, Goodwin A. Bisphosphonates and other bone agents for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10:CD003474.
• Yee AJ, Raje NS. Denosumab for the treatment of bone disease in solid tumors and multiple myeloma. Future Oncol. 2018;14(3):195-203.
• Kommalapati A, Tella SH, Esquivel MA, Correa R. Evaluation and management of skeletal disease in cancer care. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017;120:217-226.Erratum in: Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018;26.
• Messina C, Monaco CG, Ulivieri FM, Sardanelli F, Sconfienza LM. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition in patients with secondary osteoporosis. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(8):1493-8.
• Shepherd JA, Baim S, Bilezikian JP, Schousboe JT. Executive summary of the 2013 International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference on Body Composition. J Clin Densitom. 2013;16(4):489-95.
• Petak S, Barbu CG, Yu EW, Fielding R, Mulligan K, Sabowitz B, Wu CH, Shepherd JA. The Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry: body composition analysis reporting. J Clin Densitom. 2013;16(4):508-19.
• Schousboe JT, Langsetmo L, Schwartz AV, Taylor BC, Vo TN, Kats AM, Barrett-Connor E, Orwoll ES, Marshall LM, Miljkovic I, Lane NE, Ensrud KE; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group. Comparison of Associations of DXA and CT Visceral Adipose Tissue Measures With Insulin Resistance, Lipid Levels, and Inflammatory Markers. J Clin Densitom. 2017;20(2):256-264.
• Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, Cesari M, Di Bari M, Cherubini A, Collamati A, D’Angelo E, Pahor M, Bernabei R, Landi F; SPRINTT Consortium. Sarcopenia: an overview. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(1):11-17.
• Machado LG, Domiciano DS, Figueiredo CP, Caparbo VF, Takayama L, Oliveira RM, et al. Visceral fat measured by DXA is associated with increased risk of non-spine fractures in nonobese elderly women: a population-based prospective cohort analysis from the São Paulo Ageing & Health (SPAH) Study. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(12):3525-3533.
• Figueiredo CP, Domiciano DS, Lopes JB, Caparbo VF, Scazufca M, Bonfá E et al. Prevalence of sarcopenia and associated risk factors by two diagnostic criteria in community-dwelling older men: the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH). Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(2):589-96.
• Domiciano DS, Figueiredo CP, Lopes JB, Caparbo VF, Takayama L, Menezes PR, et al. Discriminating sarcopenia in community-dwelling older women with high frequency of overweight/obesity: the São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH). Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(2):595-603.
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010;39(4):412-23.
• Bahat G, Tufan A, Tufan F, Kilic C, Akpinar TS, Kose M, et al. Cut-off points to identify sarcopenia according to European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(6):1557-1563.
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Zúñiga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing. 2014;43(6):748-59.
• McLean RR, Shardell MD, Alley DE, Cawthon PM, Fragala MS, Harris TB, et al. Criteria for clinically relevant weakness and low lean mass and their longitudinal association with incident mobility impairment and mortality: the foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) sarcopenia project. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(5):576-83.
• McLean RR, Kiel DP. Developing consensus criteria for sarcopenia: an update. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(4):588-92.

Faculty Responsible: Samuel Kastuyuki Shinjo, Fernando Henrique Carlos de Souza
No. of credits: 3
Objectives: Approach to the pathophysiological mechanism of acquired muscle diseases with focus on the inflammatory ones.
Justification: In recent years great advances have been observed, for example in a) the characterization of the physiopathogenic mechanism of inflammatory muscle diseases, mainly with the advent of several myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies and b) the reclassification of inflammatory muscle diseases based on the previous item.
Content: Approach to muscle diseases with focus on the acquired inflammatory ones (dermatomyositis, clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis, polymyositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, antisynthetase syndrome, inclusion body myositis): – Physiopathogenic mechanism (molecular and histological) – Characterization of the various myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies and its correlation with the previous item – Relevance of the previous items in the reclassification of the types of inflammatory myopathies and in the prognosis.
Form of Evaluation: Seminar presentations. Active participation in the discussion during the seminar presentations. Evolution of knowledge. Attendance > 80%.
Bibliography:
• Meyer et al. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: narrative review of unmet needs in clinical practice guidelines. RMD Open 2019.
• Greenberg. Inclusion body myositis: clinical features and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019.
• Rietveld et al. Autoantibody testing in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Pract Neurol 2019.
• Cassius et al. Biomarkers in adult dermatomyositis; tools to help the diagnosis and predict the clinical outcome. J Immunol Res 2019.
• Anquetil et al. Myositis-specific autoantibodies, a cornestone in imumne-mediated necrotizing myopathy. Autoimmun Rev 2019.
• Selva-O’Callaghan et al. Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies. Lancet Neurol 2018.
• Miller et al. Risk factors and disease mechanisms in myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018.
• McHugh et al. Autoantibodies in myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018.
• Adler et al. Triggers of inflammatory myopathy: insights into pathogenesis. Discov Med 2018.
• Selva-O’Callaghan et al. Statin-induced myalgia and myositis: an update on pathogenesis and clinical recommendations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018.
• Sena et al. Dermatomyositis: clinicopathological correlations. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2018.
• Cavagna et al. Antisynthetase syndrome or what else? Different perspectives indicate the need for new classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis 2018.
• Lundberg et al. 2017 European League Against Rheumatism / American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis 2017.
• Suzuki et al. Integrated diagnosis Project for inflammatory myopathies: an association between autoantibodies and muscle pathology. Autoimmun Rev 2017.

Faculty Responsible: Eloisa Silva Dutra de Oliveira Bonfá, Marco Kawamura Demange, Bruno Gualano

No. of credits: 8

Objectives: To deepen the knowledge and integration of researchers and students interested in basic and applied sciences associated with the musculoskeletal system, with a focus on the development, expansion and improvement of collaborative research projects resulting from the interaction between researchers and students with diverse, but potentially complementary specialties and scientific interests.

Justification: Musculoskeletal system sciences are broad and heterogeneous, but they can present convergence and complement each other in terms of questions, approaches and scientific methods. The presentation and discussion of scientific studies that encompass this large knowledge area allows us to detect gaps to be explored in research, especially in a collaborative way. The function of the course is to provide opportunities for interaction between students and researchers from different fields of knowledge who have a common interest in basic and applied sciences related to the musculoskeletal system.

Content: Novice and experienced researchers working in the musculoskeletal sciences will present their research and discuss their findings, looking for opportunities for collaboration. Lecture topics will be diversified and will cover from basic to clinical research in order to address the complexity and scope of the musculoskeletal system sciences, offering the student a broad and integrated view of the area. Notably, in each edition of the course the following topics will be addressed: 1. Analysis model for nervous system injury; 2. Development of joint replacement tests and models; 3. Joint instability tests; 4. Degenerative, inflammatory and structural disorders of the locomotor system; 5. Osteoimmunology and evaluation of musculoskeletal regeneration processes; 6. Clinical and experimental models for functional analysis of human movement; 7) Immune and autoimmune systems; 8) Effects of exercise, nutrition and genetics on health and physical performance.

Form of Evaluation: Students must give critical reviews of each presentation, from which the final evaluation will be obtained.

Note: Command of English is recommended as some lectures will be given in that language.

Bibliography:

• Cristante et al. Therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury. Clinics. 2012 67(10):1219-1224.
• Gurgel et al. Acetabular component positioning in total hip arthroplasty with and without a computer-assisted system: a prospective, randomized and controlled study. J Arthroplasty. 2014 29(1):167-71.
• Malavolta et al. Clinical and Structural Evaluations of Rotator Cuff Repair With and Without Added Platelet-Rich Plasma at 5-Year Follow-up: A Prospective Randomized Study. Am J Sports Med. 2018 46(13):3134-3141.
• Hinckel et al. Medial Patellofemoral Ligament, Medial Patellotibial Ligament, and Medial Patellomeniscal Ligament: Anatomic, Histologic, Radiographic, and Biomechanical Study. Arthroscopy. 2017 Oct;33(10):1862-1873
• Gracitelli et al. Locking intramedullary nails versus locking plates for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2017 14(9):733-739.
• Gualano et al. Physical activity for paediatric rheumatic diseases: standing up against old paradigms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017 23;13(6):368-379. Saunders et al. b-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017 51(8):658-669.
• Alvarenga et al. The relationship between estimated bone strength by finite element analysis at the peripheral skeleton to areal BMD and trabecular bone score at lumbar spine. Bone. 2018 117:47-53.
• Bonfa et al. Association between lupus psychosis and anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies. N Engl J Med. 1987 30;317(5):265-71.

Faculty Responsible: Bruno Gualano, Eimear Bernadette Dolan, Paul Alan Swinton

No. of credits: 4

Objectives: To improve the students’ ability to interpret and evaluate data analysis approaches commonly used in medical and health sciences.

Justification: Proper statistical design and interpretation are fundamental in medical and health research. However, with increased access to data from various sources and the interest in new research areas, such as individual response to treatment, a more diversified range of data analysis approaches is being used in research. As a result, there are many debates and controversies around which data analysis practices are effective and in which situations they should be used. The proposed course will teach students about the principles, limitations and applications of common data analysis approaches and practices. Unusual theoretical approaches will be contextualized using sets of real data and articles from area reference journals. At the conclusion of the course, students will have the knowledge and skills to critically interpret and evaluate a series of contemporary data analysis practices used in Medical and Health Sciences.

Content: The course will be taught as an intensive two-week long course. Theoretical topics to be covered include basic rules of probability; randomization practices; sample size requirements; hypothesis testing; multiplicity problems; reliability; pooling evidence; quantification of effect size. Each of the topics will be contextualized using real data sets and contemporary applications of the theory (e.g. identification of responders vs. non-responders, identification of clinically meaningful changes, meta-analyses and the use of meta-regression, magnitude-based inferences). On completion, students will have a greater knowledge of the assumptions that support contemporary data analysis approaches and be able to critically interpret and evaluate the results generated. In addition, time will be dedicated to address specific statistical questions that the students have.

Form of Evaluation: See Note

Note: The students must select a topic from a predefined list and prepare a 15-minute presentation in which they will describe critically the chosen technique together with the theories and assumptions that support its application. To this end, simulated data sets will be provided, and the students will conduct their test using a statistical program of their choice and, then, they will critically describe their results.

Note: All classes will be taught in English.

Bibliography:

• Pagano, M. Gauvreau, K. Principles of Biostatistics (2018). 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall
• Swinscow, T. Statistics at square one (1997). BMJ Publishing Group. https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/statistics-square-one
• Bland, M. Altman, D. Statistics Notes in the British Medical Journal: https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~mb55/pubs/pbstnote.htm
• Atkinson, G. Batterham, A.M. True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention. Exp Physiol. 2015. 100(6): 577-88.
• Swinton, P.A. Hemingway, B.S. Saunders, B. Gualano, B. Dolan, E. A statistical framework to interpret individual response to intervention: Paving the way for personalized nutrition and exercise prescription. Front Nutr. 2018. 5 (41)

Faculty Responsible: Bruno Gualano, Hamilton Augusto Roschel da Silva, Bryan Saunders

No. of credits: 6

Objectives: To introduce practical techniques for writing scientific articles

Justification: Good writing greatly increases the acceptance, impact and repercussions of scientific articles. Writing techniques that will be discussed in this course can help students in the area of exercise science to produce quality articles.

Content: In predominantly practical classes, students will be trained to write the following sections that make up a scientific article: (a) Introduction (summary of the literature, problem/gap, objective and hypothesis); (b) Methods (order of topics, experimental design, sample, evaluations and statistical analysis) and Results (data presentation options); (c) Discussion and Conclusion (central findings, contrast of data with the literature, limitations and final message); (d) Abstract and Keywords; (e) Title; (f) Conflict of interests; (g) Cover letter (choosing the periodical as the first step and choosing reviewers and editors).

Form of Evaluation: Students must submit a complete scientific article produced during the course. The writing techniques practiced in the classes will be evaluated.

Note: 1) Because this is a practical course, a maximum of 10 students will be accepted. 2) Students must bring collected and analyzed research data, preferably unpublished, to be used in the practical classes. 3) Command of English is highly recommended, as the articles will be produced in that language.

Bibliography:

• Matthews JR and Matthews RW. Successful Scientific Writing: A Step-by-Step Guide for the Biological and Medical Sciences. Cambridge University Press. 4ª Edição.
• Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D, for the CONSORT Group. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Ann Int Med 2010;152.
• von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007 Oct 20;370(9596):1453-7
• Gagnier JJ, Kienle G, Altman DA, Moher D, Sox H, Riley D; the CARE Group. The CARE Guidelines: Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development. BMJ Case Rep. 2013; Oct 23;2013. pii: bcr2013201554.
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264-269, W64.

Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349-357

Faculty Responsible: Bruno Gualano, Bryan Saunders, Eimear Bernadette Dolan

No. of credits: 4

Objectives: To promote a critical-scientific way of thinking about and analyzing a scientific article, which is essential for the development of students.

Justification: Sports nutrition is one of the most rapidly growing and evolving sports and exercise sciences, as demonstrated by a four-fold increase from 2012 to 2018 in the number of works published. For the sports nutrition practitioner, the objective is to translate innovations in research in order to develop and manage practical interventions that contribute to delivering winning performance. Therefore, it is essential that the quality of an article and the translatability of result to applied practice be understood. Upon completing the course, students will have the knowledge and skills to critically interpret and evaluate studies in the area of sports nutrition.

Content: In this course, students must read scientific periodical articles written in English in the area of sports nutrition, prepare short presentations and discussion points and, finally, present the selected articles and their discoveries and conduct a discussion on the topic. Students will learn how to critically evaluate the main aspects of these articles using the PRESENT check list (Betts et al., 2020), while they evaluate the translatability of the results to real-world practice using guidelines (Close et al., 2019). The sessions will be conducted in English, which is the language of science, to help reduce and overcome the difficulties that non-native speakers may have with reading, speaking, and writing in English. The Journal Club will provide an environment that will make practicing these skills possible, therefore, the course will incorporate a maximum of spoken English in the sessions to promote better comprehension and prepare the students for processes of internationalization, academic careers and consumption of scientific literature. The presentation in English will be mandatory, while the discussion points can be in Portuguese when necessary to encourage participation, and thus, promote critical-scientific thinking and analysis, which is essential for student development. A final exam will require students to select an original article of their choice in the area of Sports Nutrition and prepare a 15-minute presentation in which they will critically evaluate the manuscript using the tools acquired in the course.

Note: EVALUATION CRITERIA: Students will select an original article of their choice in the area of Sports and Exercise Medicine and prepare a 15-minute presentation, in which they will critically evaluate the manuscript using the tools acquired in the course. MANDATORY ATTENDANCE: 80%. NOTES: The classes will be taught in English. Number of students: Minimum: 8, Maximum: 20, special students: 2

Bibliography:

• Bergstrom, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967). Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 71(2), 140-150. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x
• Betts, J. A., Gonzalez, J. T., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., Garthe, I., James, L. J., . . . Atkinson, G. (2020). PRESENT 2020: Text Expanding on the Checklist for Proper Reporting of Evidence in Sport and Exercise Nutrition Trials. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 1-12. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0326
• Close, G. L., Kasper, A. M., & Morton, J. P. (2019). From Paper to Podium: Quantifying the Translational Potential of Performance Nutrition Research. Sports Medicine, 49(Suppl 1), 25-37. doi: 10.1007/s40279- 018-1005-2
• Harris, R. C., Soderlund, K., & Hultman, E. (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clinical Science, 83(3), 367-374.
• Harris, R. C., Tallon, M. J., Dunnett, M., Boobis, L., Coakley, J., Kim, H. J., . . . Wise, J. A. (2006). The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids, 30(3), 279-289. doi: 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9
• Jensen, R., Ortenblad, N., Stausholm, M. H., Skjaerbaek, M. C., Larsen, D. N., Hansen, M., . . . Nielsen, J. (2020). Heterogeneity in subcellular muscle glycogen utilisation during exercise impacts endurance capacity in men. The Journal of Physiology. doi: 10.1113/JP280247